Between 1095 and 1229, Western Europe confronted a series of alternative cultural possibilities that would fundamentally transform its social structures, its in
Medieval civilization came of age in thunderous events like the Norman Conquest and the First Crusade. Power fell into the hands of men who imposed coercive new
The "long twelfth century"--1050 to 1215--embraces one of the transformative moments in European history: the point, for some, at which Europe first truly becam