The Test of English as a Foreign Language TM (TOEFL®) is used by more universities worldwide than any other test to assess English language proficiency for aca

Building a Validity Argument for the Test of English as a Foreign Language(TM) is distinctive in its attempt to develop a coherent story of the rationale for a

Carol A. Chapelle shows readers how to design validation research for tests of human capacities and performance. Any test that is used to make decisions about p

Over the years, various approaches to validation have emerged in psychological and educational assessment research, which can be classified into traditional app

Language tests play pivotal roles in education, research on learning, and gate-keeping decisions. The central concern for language testing professionals is how