On October 3, 1873, the U.S. Army hanged four Modoc headmen at Oregon's Fort Klamath. The condemned had supposedly murdered the only U.S. Army general to die du

Remembering the Modoc War: Redemptive Violence and the Making of American Innocence

On a cold, rainy dawn in late November 1872, Lieutenant Frazier Boutelle and a Modoc Indian nicknamed Scarface Charley leveled firearms at each other. Their due

Cheewa James, a direct Modoc descendant, offers an explosive and personal story of her ancestry-a richly documented, non-fiction narrative with high-energy, fic

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the Euro-American citizenry of California carried out mass genocide against the Native population of their state,